JUDICIAL TRAINING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UKRAINE ACCESSION TO THE EU
УДК 340.13
ORCID: 0000-0002-9800-8785
DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-2(47)-2
Tatiana FULEY,
Head, the Department of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, Doctor of Law, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine
JUDICIAL TRAINING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UKRAINE ACCESSION TO THE EU
Due to the beginning of the negotiation process regarding Ukraine’s accession to the EU, new challenges have appeared before judicial education. The author analyses two key challenges, namely, the first – how to incorporate EU law in the content of judicial training, the second – how to implement the training evaluation system in accordance with the methodology recommended by the European Judicial Training Network (EJTN). Considering that the current Ukrainian legislation obliges each judge to maintain his qualifications at the appropriate level necessary for administration of judiciary, and at the same time provides for the right of a judge to raise his professional level, therefore, EU law as a new topic can be included as an element of both types of continuous judicial training – as part of compulsory programs for judges as well as optional periodical training. Also, it is appropriate to rely on effective previous experience of incorporation of the ECHR and the ECtHR case law and develop the so-called a «basic» course on EU law (for different jurisdictions, if needed), supplemented by specialized ones. Preference should be given to the topics specified in the negotiation Chapter 23 «Judiciary and fundamental rights», which is a priority in the process of Ukraine's accession of membership in the European Union. EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and Directives should also be incorporated into training modules (to the content of already developed courses) on various areas of law where relevant, following the example of HELP courses, which are available on the HELP platform in a self-study format; it is worth considering the issue of their institutionalization in the Ukrainian judicial training. Regarding the second key challenge, it is recommended to develop new tools for evaluating the professional training of judges based on the four-level system for evaluating the effectiveness of training (based on the so-called «Kirkpatrick model»), which is used by the EJTN.
Key words: justice, fundamental rights, EU law, judicial training, HELP courses.
References
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Pro vnesennia zmin do Zakonu Ukrainy «Pro sudoustrii i status suddiv» ta deiakykh zakonodavchykh aktiv Ukrainy shchodo udoskonalennia protsedur suddivskoi kariery: Zakon Ukrainy vid 9 hrudnia 2023 roku No. 3511-IX. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3511-IX#Text
Pro Vyshchyi antykoruptsiinyi sud: Zakon Ukrainy vid 7 chervnia 2018 roku No. 2447-VIII. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2447-19#Text
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Introduction video HELP course on «Judicial reasoning and human rights» – Judge Robert Spano, president of the ECtHR.
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Keynote speech – the Reykjavik Summit and its impact on human rights protection in Europe – by Síofra O’Leary. 2023 HELP Network conference. 7 July 2023. URL: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/speech-20230707-oleary-help-conference-eng-1
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Dorohovkazy dlia suddivskoi osvity. URL: https://nsj.gov.ua/ua/news/dorogovkazi-dlya-suddivskoi-osviti/
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Consultative Council of European Judges Opinion No 4 (2003) on appropriate initial and in-service training for judges at national and European levels. URL: https://rm.coe.int/1680747d37
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USE OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN THE PROCESS OF PROVING DAMAGE CAUSED BY WAR CRIMES
УДК 343.1
ORCID: 0000-0003-3357-7722
DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-2(47)-1
Nataliia AKHTYRSKA,
Candidate of Legal Sciences Associate Professor
teacher of the National School of Judges of Ukraine
USE OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN THE PROCESS OF PROVING DAMAGE CAUSED BY WAR CRIMES
The article analyzes the modern regulatory framework, which regulates the procedure for compensation for damage caused by war crimes, and judicial practice regarding the collection, evaluation and use of electronic (digital) evidence to confirm the existence of a real estate object, the fact of the task of destruction, etc. Special attention is paid to controversial issues regarding the use of radio technical intelligence data, information obtained from the Google Maps service, photographic materials, sound recordings, video recordings, and other media contained in open (Internet, various mass media, social networks) or closed networks (private messengers and telegram channels, personal correspondence using computer equipment and mobile phones, flash drives, memory cards, etc.).
It is argued that it is necessary to make additions to the current legislation on the use of the results of radio technical intelligence, to standardize the court order on access to technical means using a biometric key (password) based on the experience of the EU countries.
Key words: electronic evidence, property damaged as a result of hostilities, compensation for damage caused, war crimes.
References
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Klymenko S.V. International and foreign practice of compensation for war crimes. Bulletin of the Uzhhorod National University. The RIGHT series. Issue 83: Part 3.
Kryshtanovych A. The practice of providing reparations by the International Criminal Court and its potential impact on the compensation of victims of international crimes in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. URL: https://jurfem.com.ua/praktyka-nadannya-reparatsiy-mks/
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Denys Maslov: "The International Register of Damages from the Russian Federation's Aggression has become operational. Russia must pay for all the damage" URL:https://lb.ua/news/2024/04/04/606851_denis_maslov_mizhnarodniy_reiestr.html
Report on criminal offenses. Office of the Prosecutor General. URL: https://gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/statistika
National strategy in the field of human rights, approved. By Decree of the President of Ukraine dated March 24, 2021 No. 119/2021 https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/119/2021#Text
Strategic plan for the implementation of the powers of the prosecutor's office in the field of criminal prosecution for the commission of international crimes for 2023-2025, approved. By order of the Prosecutor General dated September 15, 2023. URL:https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/strategicnii-plan-shhodo-realizaciyi-povnovazen-organiv-prokuraturi-u-sferi-kriminalnogo-peresliduvannya-za-vcinennya-miznarodnix-zlociniv-na- 2023-2025-roki
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The procedure for maintaining the State Register of property damaged and destroyed as a result of hostilities, terrorist acts, sabotage caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, approved Resolution No. 624 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated June 13, 2023. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/624-2023-%D0%BF#Text
The procedure for providing compensation for destroyed objects of immovable property, certified. Resolution No. 600 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated May 30, 2023. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/600-2023-%D0%BF#Text
Resolution of the Supreme Court of March 16, 2021 in case No. 364/673/18 (proceedings No. 51-5840км20) https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/95682205
Resolution of the Supreme Court dated June 20, 2023 in case No. 420/4540/22 (proceedings No. K/990/32869/22). URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/111724996
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THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF JUDICIAL PRECEDENT FOR NATIONAL, SUPRANATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER
УДК 341.174:340.142
ORCID: 0009-0008-8674-5340
DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-2(47)-4
Vitaliy HDYCHINSKY
Candidate of Law, Doctoral Student of the
Department of International and European Law
of the National Aviation University
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF JUDICIAL PRECEDENT FOR NATIONAL, SUPRANATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER
The article is devoted to revealing the peculiarities of the legal and international legal nature of the judicial precedent, along with other related categories, as well as highlighting the importance and role for the national and international legal order.
In view of the modernization of social relations, which are the objects of regulation of national, supranational and international law, it is natural to study the system of sources of law, especially judicial precedents, along with other dynamic components of modern legal systems, existing legal orders. It is these sources that ensure the unity of judicial practice, the resolution of legislative and international legal gaps and contradictions, and contribute to the protection and restoration of violated human rights and freedoms. By guaranteeing the stability, integrity and predictability of legal systems, the trust of citizens in judicial bodies of various levels and jurisdictions increases. At the same time, the experience of Ukraine, EU member states, the Council of Europe and other international organizations, within which the role of judicial bodies and judicial precedents is significant, case law is developing, demonstrates consideration of national traditions of law-making and law enforcement, interaction and mutual influence of legal systems of various dimensions, balance of stability and dynamics, continuity and development, etc.
At the same time, the multifaceted nature of such a phenomenon as a judicial precedent, especially in the conditions of the activation of the European integration processes of Ukraine, the existence of significant problems with the implementation of the decisions of the ECtHR, etc., justify the need to conceptualize and correlate the categories "judicial precedent", "judicial practice", "case law", "judicial law-making", "judicial activism", etc., determination of their role in strengthening and modernization of national, supranational and international legal orders. That is, it is natural to specify and novelize the conceptual and categorical apparatus, study the experience of individual states, international organizations and judicial bodies in the context of their creation and provision of implementation mechanisms, including by improvement. Argumentation of the integration, regulatory, information and other functions of the studied court precedents, taking into account the challenges and risks at the current stage, is considered important.
Key words: judicial precedent, international legal order, national legal order, supranational legal order, court decision, sources of law
References
Bernaziuk O. O. Sudovyi pretsedent u pravovii systemi Ukrainy: suchasni pidkhody do vyznachennia poniattia 2024. URL: http://visnyk-pravo.uzhnu.edu.ua/article/view/297141#:~:text=Dovedeno%2C%20shcho %20sudovyi%20pretsedent%20(stare,normy%20materialnoho%20abo%20protsesualnoho%20prava. [ukr.]
Marchenko A.A. Poniattia sudovoho pretsedentu ta yoho mistse u pravovii systemi Ukrainy.. URL: https://6aas.gov.ua/ua/proekty/articles/m/2214-ponyattya-sudovogo-pretsedentu-ta-jogo-mistse-u-pravovij-sistemi-ukrajini.html [ukr.]
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PREREQUISITES FOR THE SAFE USE OF AI INSTRUMENTS BY JUDGES
УДК 342.56:004.8
ORCID: 0000-0002-8494-1937
DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-2(47)-3
Andriy HACHKEVYCH,
Associate Professor of the Department of International and Criminal LawLviv Polytechnic National University, candidate of Law, associate professor
PREREQUISITES FOR THE SAFE USE OF AI INSTRUMENTS BY JUDGES
The increasing use of AI technologies by judges for consideration and resolution of cases is inevitable. This transformation is evident in various judicial proceedings and is closely linked to the pressing issue of integrating artificial intelligence into the activities of courts. This article examines the training of judges in the safe use of AI tools. The term “safe use” reflects a cautiously positive approach to new technologies, achieved through raising awareness of artificial intelligence and mastering the skills required for providing automated task performance, while adhering to principles and following recommendations.
The study considers AI tools for judiciary as modern technologies and systems that enable judges and other legal practitioners to achieve results that previously required human thought processes. The author gives examples of tasks and functions in the legal area that can be automated to meet specific needs. Additionally, he addresses common misconceptions about artificial intelligence and introduces principles from Draft UNESCO Guidelines for the Use of AI Systems in Courts and Tribunals aimed at minimizing associated risks. The study also highlights recent guidelines from the judiciary officials of Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, which contain useful suggestions aligned with ethical principles of AI and main ideas of justice.
The article focuses on the importance of the prerequisites for the safe use in light of the emergence of GenAI chatbots. These chatbots operate based on user’s prompts and are extensively used across various areas and professions, including the area of law and judges. The study’s findings could be used as supplementary materials to develop recommendations for Ukrainian judges, with the intention of making further amendments to the Code of Judicial Ethics.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, AI tools, artificial intelligence in judiciary, use of artificial intelligence by judges, Code of Judicial Ethics, AI hallucination, ChatGPT, AI systems.
References
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UNESCO Global Judges’ Initiative: survey on the use of AI systems by judicial operators. UNESDOC Digital Library. URL: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000389786
Harber v. Commissioners for His Majesty's Revenue and Customs. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. URL: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKFTT/TC/2023/TC09010.html
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Referring to the “position” of the AI system ChatGPT in the statement regarding the clarification of the decision of the court of cassation demonstrates a lack of respect for judges and constitutes an abuse of procedural rights. Supreme Court of Ukraine. URL: https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pres-centr/news/1566118/
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Guidance for Judicial Office Holders. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. URL: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/AI-Judicial-Guidance.pdf
Guidelines for use of generative artificial intelligence in Courts and Tribunals. Courts of New Zealand. URL: https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/going-to-court/practice-directions/practice-guidelines/all-benches/guidelines-for-use-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-in-courts-and-tribunals/
Interim Principles and Guidelines on the Court’s Use of Artificial Intelligence. Federal Court. URL: https://www.fct-cf.gc.ca/en/pages/law-and-practice/artificial-intelligence
Bell F., Moses L.B., Legg M., Silove J., Zalnieriute M. AI Decision Making and the Courts. A guide for Judges, Tribunal Members and Court Administrators. The Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration Inc. URL: https://aija.org.au/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2022/06/AI-DECISION-MAKING-AND-THE-COURTS_Report_V5-2022-06-20-1lzkls.pd
Moses L.B., Legg M., Silove J., Zalnieriute M., Mahmood S. AI Decision Making and the Courts. A guide for Judges, Tribunal Members and Court Administrators. The Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration Inc. URL: https://aija.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/AIJA_AI-DecisionMakingReport_2023update.pdf
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THE CONSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION OF THE RULE OF LAW AND THE PRINCIPLE OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY TO FUTURE GENERATIONS
УДК 342.45
ORCID: 0000-0002-2353-4836
DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-2(47)-5
Jan BERNAZIUK,
Judge of the Cassation Administrative Court in the composition
of the Supreme Court, Doctor of Law, Professor,
Honored Lawyer of Ukraine
THE CONSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION OF THE RULE OF LAW AND THE PRINCIPLE OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY TO FUTURE GENERATIONS
The article is devoted to the study of the constitutional basis of the coexistence of the value of the rule of law and the principle of moral responsibility for future generations, mainly in the aspect of protecting social and environmental human rights. The author summarized the theoretical scientific works related to the researched issue, additionally focusing on the application by the administrative court of the principles of proportionality, legal certainty, as well as the interpretation of the law in favor of the individual and the priority of protecting public (public) interests. As a result of the study, new approaches to the implementation of some constitutional rights were developed, in particular, in relation to the protection of social rights and rights to a safe environment, given that they directly depend on the economic development (financial capabilities) of each state that has undertaken the relevant obligations. In addition, several specific changes to the legislation were proposed for general discussion.
The author concluded that the principle of moral responsibility to future generations as a component of the rule of law has relatively recently begun to be developed at the scientific and theoretical level, to be enshrined in international treaties and national legislation of various countries, as well as to be embodied in the practical activities of law enforcement and justice bodies. The spheres of the most frequent use of the principle of moral responsibility towards future generations are legal relations related to social protection and environmental protection, which is mainly due to the specificity of these spheres, namely, the delay in time of the moment of decision-making by the relevant subjects of authority and their «visualization» consequences, as well as the objectivity of the presence of contradictions between private (individual, personified) interest and public (public, as a rule, non-institutionalized) interest, which can be represented by international institutions, public organizations, etc.
Key words: rule of law, justice, public interests, national security, interpretation of the law in favor of the person, principle of proportionality, coming (future) generations, moral responsibility, budgetary policy, exemplary case, social protection, environmental rights.
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