НШСУ-en

History of the judicial system and the basic principles of judicial proceedings in Ukraine

Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine. №4(53) 2025. P. 37-49

ISSN: 2707-6849       

UDC340.1

DOI https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-3

PDF

 

Nadiya SHCHERBAK,

Professor of the Department of Constitutional, International Law and Public Law Disciplines of the Kyiv University of Intellectual Property and Law, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4636-9546

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

Olena MALOZHON,

Associate Professor of the Department of Constitutional, International Law and Public Law Disciplines of the Kyiv University of Intellectual Property and Law, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6052-1017

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

 

History of the judicial system and the basic principles of judicial proceedings in Ukraine

 

Abstract 

The legislative, executive and judicial authorities exercise their powers within the limits established by the Constitution and in accordance with the laws of Ukraine. The judiciary, on the one hand, is an independent branch of government, and on the other, its role is to guide the legislative and executive branches of government within the framework of legality and to exercise constitutional oversight and judicial control over them.

Judicial reform is impossible without taking into account the achievements of humanity in the field of justice. Greater awareness of the activities of the courts in most democratic countries of the world directly affects the legal consciousness of society, including in rule-making activities. The implementation of this experience is reflected in Article 9 of the Constitution of Ukraine, according to which, if the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine has given its consent to the binding nature of existing international treaties, then these treaties are part of its national legislation. And the conclusion of international treaties that contradict the Constitution of Ukraine is possible only after making appropriate amendments to it. Thus, in Ukraine, along with national legislation, a part of international legislation is in force, which is mandatory for implementation.

The basic principles of judicial proceedings are: the administration of justice exclusively by courts; independence of judges; the right to a fair trial; the right to a competent court; equality before the law and the court; professional legal assistance in exercising the right to a fair trial; the right to judicial protection; transparency and openness of the judicial process; language of judicial proceedings and records management in courts; binding nature of court decisions; right to review the case and appeal the court decision; collegial and individual consideration of cases.

 

Keywords: judicial system, judicial power, judicial proceedings, transparency, judicial process, appeal of a court decision, collegiality, professional legal aid, investigative bodies, legality, law and order, jurors, review of the case.

 

 

References

  1. Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine “On the Concept of Judicial and Legal Reform in Ukraine”. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 1992, No. 30, p. 426 (in Ukr.).
  2. Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Concept of Improving the Judiciary for Establishing a Fair Trial in Ukraine in Accordance with European Standards”. Approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated May 10, 2006 No. 361/2006. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/361/2006/conv/parach_9:pu1:ch_1:rz4#o115 (accessed: 05.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).
  3. Boyko V. Judicial Reform in Ukraine: Status and Prospects. Kyiv: Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, 2004. 176 p. (in Ukr.).
  4. Borko A. Administrative and Legal Support for the Functioning of the Judicial System of Ukraine. Kharkiv: Nika Nova, 2014, 521 p. (in Ukr.).
  5. Bryntsev V. Judicial Constitutionalism in Ukraine: Doctrine and Practice of Formation: in 2 vols. Vol. 2: Monograph / National law. Yaroslav Mudryi University. Kharkiv: Pravo, 2015. 374 p. (in Ukr.).
  6. Gorodovenko V. Formation of the concept of legislative omission in the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the context of comparative jurisprudence. Bulletin of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. 2024. Issue 1. P. 78–102 (in Ukr.).
  7. Dryagina T. The principle of legality of the judiciary in civil proceedings. Theoretical and practical problems of ensuring the sustainable development of statehood and law. Odesa: Phoenix, 2012. Vol. 2. P. 613–616 (in Ukr.).
  8. Kivalov S. Conceptual approaches to ensuring the right to professional legal assistance. Advocacy: past, present and future: materials. IX International Scientific-Practical conf.: (Odessa, November 15, 2019) / editors: N. M. Bakayanova (chair) and others. Odesa: Phoenix, 2019. pp. 22–25 (in Ukr.).
  9. At the equator of the new government (2019–2021): achievements, problems, prospects: analytical report / E. Bystrytsky, A. Bulakh, I. Burakovsky. Kyiv, 2021. 180 p. (in Ukr.).
  10. Malyarenko V.  Court, law enforcement and human rights bodies of Ukraine: textbook. Kyiv: Yurinkom Inter, 2007. 350 p. (in Ukr.).
  11. Marochkin O., Slyvna V. Limits of proof in criminal proceedings. Law and innovations. No. 2 (30). 2020. P. 82–86 (in Ukr.).
  12. Melnyk M. Speech at the XVII Congress of the Conference of European Constitutional Courts: [XVII Congress of the Conference of European Constitutional Courts on the topic “The role of constitutional courts in upholding and applying constitutional principles” was held on June 30, 2017 in Batumi (Georgia)]. Bulletin of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. 2017. No. 4. P. 64–65 (in Ukr.).
  13. Moskvich L. M. Strengthening the institutional independence of the court in the system of European integration steps of Ukraine. Problems of legality.2023. Issue 162. P. 179–195 (in Ukr.).
  14. Applicant-subject of proof / V. Nor. Kh. Slyusarchuk / Visnyk of Lviv University. Legal Series. Issue 72. I. Franko Lviv National University. 2021. P. 147–154.  http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.72.147 (in Ukr.).
  15. Obrusna S. Problems of administrative and legal support of the electronic court in Ukraine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Legal Scientific Electronic Journal. Issue 4. 2020. P. 196–199 (in Ukr.).
  16. Ovcharenko V.  Legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine: concept, essence and possibilities of revision.  Visnyk of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. 2013. No. 5. P. 62–71 (in Ukr.).
  17. Pohorilko V. Jurisprudence: textbook. 3rd ed., corrected and supplemented. Kyiv: Karavela, 2013. 592 p. (in Ukr.).
  18. Rabinovych P., Rabinovych S., Pankevych O. Legal understanding – a conceptual and methodological foundation for the formation and development of legal doctrine (based on materials from the journal discussion 2021–2023).  Law of Ukraine. 2023. No. 3. P. 18–33 (in Ukr.).
  19. Selivanov A. Modern realities of the implementation of constitutional justice: theory and practice. Bulletin of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. 2021. No. 2. P. 92–98 URL: https://ccu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/selivanov_a._suchasni_realiyi_zdiysnennya_konstytuciynogo_pravosuddya.pdf  (accessed: 05.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).
  20. Serdyuk V. Legislative guarantees for the implementation of human rights to the use of video recording in criminal proceedings in Ukraine. Law and Society. No. 4. 2016 (in Ukr.).
  21. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Adopted and proclaimed by Resolution 217 A (III) of the UN General Assembly of December 10, 1948. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_015#Text (accessed: 05.03.2026)   (in Ukr.).
  22. UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966. The International Covenant was ratified by Decree of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR No. 2148-VIII (2148-08) of 19.10.73 URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_043/ed19661216#Text (accessed: 05.03.2026)    (in Ukr.).
  23. Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950. The Convention was ratified by Law No. 475/97-VR of 17.07.97. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004#Text (accessed: 05.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).
  24. Basic Principles of the Independence of the Judiciary 1985 p. Approved by resolutions 40/32 and 40/146 of the General Assembly of 29 November and 13 December 1985. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_201#Text (accessed: 05.03.2026)   (in Ukr.).
  25. Declaration on the Independence of the Judiciary 1983. Montreal Universal Declaration on the Independence of the Judiciary (First World Conference on the Independence of the Judiciary, Montreal, 1983).  URL: https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/MU83323 (accessed: 05.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).
  26. Constitution of Ukraine 28.06.1996. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (VVR), 1996, No. 30, p. 141. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text  (accessed: 05.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).
  27. Malyshev B. Judicial lawmaking in the context of judicial reform in Ukraine. Law of Ukraine. 2017. No. 6. P. 34–38 (in Ukr.).
  28. Law “On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges” 2.06.2016  № 1402-VIII. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada (VVR), 2016, No. 31, p. 545. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1402-19#Text (accessed: 05.03.2026)   (in Ukr.).
  29. Criminal Procedure Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1927. The Code became invalid on the basis of Code No. 4651-VI (4651-17) of 13.04.2012, VVR, 2013, No. 9-10, No. 11-12, No. 13, Art. 88 (in Ukr.).
  30. Criminal Code of Ukraine 5.04.2001 № 2341-III. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (VVR), 2001, No. 25-26, Art. 131 URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14#Text (accessed: 05.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

 

Suggested Citation: Shcherbak, N., Malozhon, O.  (2025).   History of the judicial system and the basic principles of judicial proceedings in Ukraine.  Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, 4 (53), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-3

 

 

Date of first submission of the article to the publication: 06.01.2026

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 17.03.2026

Date of publication (publication): 09.04.2026

 

 

 

 

Socially dangerous acts, committed against state secrets, as a criminal threat to the national security of Ukraine

Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine. №4(53) 2025. P. 170-179

ISSN: 2707-6849           

UDC343.3

DOI https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-15

PDF

 

Viktoriia SHPILIAREVYCH,

Vasyl Stefanyk Carpathian National University,

Associate Professor of the Department of Crime Policy

and Criminal Law,

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor

eduORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1761-9892

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

 

Socially dangerous acts, committed against state secrets, as a criminal threat to the national security of Ukraine

 

Abstract 

The article states that encroachment on state secrets is one of the criminal threats to the national security of Ukraine, especially in the current period of the Russian-Ukrainian war.

In the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, liability for socially dangerous acts committed in relation to state secrets is regulated by a number of articles, some of which are located in Section I «Criminal Offenses against the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine» (Articles 111, 114 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), others in Section XIV «Criminal offenses in the field of protecting state secrets, inviolability of state borders, ensuring conscription and mobilization» (Articles 328, 329 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and Chapter XIX «Criminal offenses against the established procedure for performing military service (military criminal offenses)» (Article 422 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). However, this absolutely does not diminish the importance of relevant information for ensuring the functioning of Ukraine as a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, and legal state.

Based on the results of the conducted scientific research, the author proposes to harmonize the content of the criminal law norm set out in parts 1, 2 of Article 422 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with the provisions of the current legislation of Ukraine, which concerns the sphere of regulation of public relations related to the classification of information as a state secret, classification, declassification of its material carriers and protection of state secrets for the purpose of protecting the national security of Ukraine, and also outlines the information, which, according to the decisions of state experts on secrets, constitute a state secret in areas defined by law.

 

Keywords: criminal liability, information security, state security, espionage, disclosure of state secrets, loss of documents containing state secrets.

 

 

References

 

1.   Ukhvala Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 5 sichnia 2023 roku u spravi № 991/5572/22, administratyvne provadzhennia № K/990/36242/22. URL: https://reiestr.tsourt.gov.ua/Reviev/108273593 (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

2.   Pro natsional'nu bezpeku Ukrainy: zakon Ukrainy vid 21 cher. 2018 r. № 2469-VIII. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/lavs/shov/2469-19#Tekht (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

3.   Konstytutsiia Ukrainy: Osnovnyj Zakon Ukrainy vid 28 cher. 1996 r. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/lavs/shov/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Tekht (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

4.   Stratehiia informatsijnoi bezpeky, zatverdzhenoi Ukaz Prezydenta Ukrainy vid 28 hrud. 2021 r. № 685/2021. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/lavs/shov/685/2021#Tekht (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

5.   Okhorona derzhavnoi taiemnytsi v Ukraini: navch. posib. / A. M. Huz, I. P. Kaspers'kyj, S. O. Kniaziev ta in. Kyiv: Nats. akad. SBU, 2017. 216 s. (in Ukr.).

6.   Khashev V. H. Poniattia ta sutnist' derzhavnoi taiemnytsi v systemi natsional'noi bezpeky: kryminal'no-pravovyj aspekt. Yurydychnyj naukovyj elektronnyj zhurnal. 2025. № 3. S. 640–642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2025-3/155 (in Ukr.).

7.   Pro derzhavnu taiemnytsiu: zakon Ukrainy vid 21 sich. 1994 r. № 3855. URL:  https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3855-12#Text (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

8.   Kalaianov D. P., Mykhajlutsa M. I. Kryminal'no-pravovi aspekty iurydychnoi vidpovidal'nosti za rozgholoshennia derzhavnoi taiemnytsi iak zlochynu u sferi okhorony derzhavnoi taiemnytsi. Naukovyj Visnyk Khersons'koho derzhavnoho universytetu. 2016. Vyp. 2 Tom. 2. S. 143–146 (in Ukr.).

9.   Zlochyny proty osnov natsional'noi bezpeky: u VS obhovoryly pytannia schodo kvalifikatsii tsykh zlochyniv ta vidpovidal'nosti v umovakh povnomasshtabnoho vtorhnennia. URL: https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pres-centr/news/1588565 (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

10. Yunin O. S., Shablystyj V. V. Rozgholoshennia derzhavnoi taiemnytsi: kryminal'no-pravovyj aspekt. Pravo i suspil'stvo. 2025. № 1. S. 739–744.  1.    DOI: https://doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2025.1.108 (in Ukr.).

11. Pro zatverdzhennia Zvodu vidomostej, scho stanovliat' derzhavnu taiemnytsiu: Nakaz Sluzhby bezpeky Ukrainy vid 23 hrud. 2020 r. № 383. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0052-21#Text (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

12. Pro pravovyj rezhym voiennoho stanu: zakon Ukrainy vid 12 trav. 2015 r. № 389-VIII. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/389-19#Text (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

13. Pytannia zaprovadzhennia ta zabezpechennia zdijsnennia zakhodiv pravovoho rezhymu voiennoho stanu v Ukraini: Rozporiadzhennia Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 24 liutoho 2022 r. № 181-r. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/181-2022-%D1%80#Text (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

14. Mykhajlutsa M. Derzhavna taiemnytsia za kryminal'nym zakonodavstvom Ukrainy ta zarubizhnykh krain svitu: porivnial'no-pravovyj analiz. Natsional'nyj iurydychnyj zhurnal: teoriia i praktyka. 2016. № 4. S. 167–171 (in Ukr.).

15. Kryminal'nyj kodeks Ukrainy: zakon Ukrainy vid 28 hrud. 1960 r. № 2001-05. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2001-05#Text (vtratyv chynnist') (in Ukr.).

16. Kryminal'nyj kodeks Ukrainy: zakon Ukrainy vid 5 kvit. 2001 r. №  2341-III. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14#Text (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

17. Kryminal'nyj kodeks Ukrainy: Tekst Proiektu stanom na 15 zhov. 2025 r. URL: https://newcriminalcode.org.ua/criminal-code (data zvernennia: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

 

 

 

Suggested Citation: Shpiliarevych, V. (2026). Socially dangerous acts, committed against state secrets, as a criminal threat to the national security of Ukraine. Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, 4 (53), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-15

 

 

 

Date of first submission of the article to the publication: 17.01.2026

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 17.03.2026

Date of publication (publication): 09.04.2026

 

 

 

 

Legal collisions in the application of tax incentives for real estate in areas of active hostilities

Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine. №4(53) 2025. P. 145-156

ISSN: 2707-6849    

UDC347.734

DOI https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-13 

PDF

 

Oksana MUZYKA-STEFANCHUK, 

Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor,

Professor at the Department of Financial Law of the Educational

 and Scientific Institute of Law, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.

ORCID ID:  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-7149

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

Vladyslava SAVENKOVA,

 PhD, Assistant Professor at the Department of Financial Law of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, business Mediator.

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1472-5443

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

 

Legal collisions in the application of tax incentives for real estate in areas of active hostilities

 

Abstract 

The article examines the legal basis for applying tax incentives for land fees and real estate tax (other than land plots) for properties located in areas of active hostilities in Ukraine during martial law. It analyzes the relevant provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine, acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, and the Ministry for Reintegration of the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine, which define the mechanism for providing such incentives and the list of relevant territories.

Special attention is paid to problematic aspects of law enforcement, in particular, the contradictory position of controlling bodies regarding areas of active hostilities where state electronic information resources function, and the legal force of official letters from state bodies in tax legal relations.

Based on the analysis of legislation, principles of tax law, and current judicial practice, the legality of taxpayers' use of relevant incentives is substantiated, despite explanations from controlling bodies that contradict regulatory legal acts. The significance of changes introduced to Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1364 of December 6, 2022, for eliminating existing legal uncertainties is also explored.

Keywords: tax incentives, land fee, real estate tax, combat zones, Tax Code of Ukraine, regulatory legal act, letters from state bodies, law enforcement, judicial practice, principle of legal certainty, presumption of taxpayer’s legality.

 

 

References

1. Tax Code of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine of 02.12.2010 No. 2755-VI. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755-17 (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

2. On Amendments to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of December 6, 2022 No. 1364: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 30.04.2024 No. 485. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/485-2024-%D0%BF (accessed: 06.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

3. Some Issues of Forming the List of Territories Where Hostilities Are (Were) Being Conducted or Temporarily Occupied by the Russian Federation: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 06.12.2022 No. 1364. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1364-2022-%D0%BF (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

4. On Approval of the List of Territories Where Hostilities Are (Were) Being Conducted or Temporarily Occupied by the Russian Federation: Order of the Ministry for Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine of 22.12.2022 No. 309. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1668-22 (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

5. On the Regulation on the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 20.08.2014 No. 375. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/375-2014-%D0%BF  (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

6. Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine of 06.07.2005 No. 2747-IV. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2747-15 (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

7. On Law-Making Activity: Law of Ukraine of 24.08.2023 No. 3354-IX (not in force). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3354-20 (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

8. Supreme Court Resolution of 18.07.2019 in case No. 826/2426/16. URL: https://zakononline.ua/court-decisions/show/83104634 (accessed: 06.03.2026).

9. On Some Issues of Documentation of Management Activities: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 17.01.2018 No. 55. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/55-2018-%D0%BF (accessed: 06.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

10. On Conducting Legal Expertise of Letters from the State Tax Administration of Ukraine and the State Customs Service: Letter of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine of 28.04.2011 No. 3915-0-4-11/101. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v0101323-11 (accessed: 06.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

11. Constitution of Ukraine: Law of 28.06.1996 No. 254k/96-VR. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254к/96-вр (accessed: 06.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

12. Supreme Court Resolution of 29.08.2018 in case No. 492/446/15-a (proceedings No. 11-611app18). URL: https://zakononline.ua/court-decisions/show/76596910 (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

13. Shchokin v. Ukraine: Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (applications No. 23759/03 and No. 37943/06). URL: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-100944 (accessed: 06.03.2026)

14. Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court Resolution of 05.02.2020 in case No. 9901/520/19. URL: https://zakononline.ua/court-decisions/show/87857819 (accessed: 06.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

15. Supreme Court Resolution of 03.07.2019 in case No. 911/1521/18. URL: https://zakononline.ua/court-decisions/show/82970539  (accessed: 06.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

16. Cassation Administrative Court within the Supreme Court Resolution of 16.04.2024 in case No. 520/5001/21. URL: https://iplex.com.ua/doc.php?regnum=118402412&red=100003ce28752f704b07fff4feca42a0fa8eb8&d=5  (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

17. Cassation Administrative Court within the Supreme Court Resolution of 23.05.2024 in case No. 380/19324/23. URL: https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pro_sud/apel_zrazk_spravi_vs_vp/2024_06_06_380_19324_23 (accessed: 06.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

 

 

SuggestedCitation: Muzyka-Stefanchuk, O., Savenkova, V.  (2025).   Legal collisions in the application of tax incentives for real estate in areas of active hostilities. Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, 4 (53), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-13

 

 

Date of first submission of the article to the publication: 28.12.2025

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 17.03.2026

Date of publication (publication): 09.04.2026

 

 

 

 

Administrative liability for violations of military registration rules: issues of qualification and evidence

Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine. №4(53) 2025. P. 112-121

ISSN: 2707-6849           

UDC342.9

DOI https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-10 

PDF

 

Oleh RIEZNIK,

Leading Researcher of the Marketing Center

of the Department of Marketing, NDC,

Economics and Management of Sumy State University,

military servicemember, Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. in Law),

Professor, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4569-8863

  This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

 

Administrative liability for violations of military registration rules: issues of qualification and evidence

 

 

Abstract 

The article examines key issues of qualification and evidence in cases involving administrative liability for violations of military registration rules under Ukrainian law. It argues that the application of the relevant provisions of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses is complicated by the blanket nature of Articles 210, 2101 and 211. Therefore, establishing the elements of an offense requires not only a reference to the Code, but also identification of the specific obligation breached and the external regulatory provisions defining its content.

The study outlines common shortcomings of administrative decisions imposing penalties, including generalized descriptions of conduct, weak linkage between established facts and legal qualification, and formal reasoning. Such deficiencies reduce the predictability of enforcement and complicate judicial review, as courts must verify whether the authority properly proved the legally relevant circumstances.

The article defines the minimum set of circumstances that should be established and reflected in an administrative decision in this category of cases: 1) the legal basis of the breached obligation and its applicability to the person; 2) the factual elements of conduct (action or omission, time, place and conditions); 3) fault; and 4) the absence of factors affecting applicability of the offense, including those related to the note to Article 210 regarding electronic access to personal data.

Based on legislative analysis and judicial practice, the paper proposes measures aimed at improving administrative enforcement, including strengthening reasoning requirements for blanket offenses, ensuring evaluation of evidence rather than a formal listing, and obliging authorities to verify and reflect circumstances influencing the applicability of the relevant provisions. These approaches are intended to enhance legal certainty and consistency of administrative practice.

 

Keywords: military registration, administrative liability, qualification, evidence, blanket legal norms, administrative decision, reasoning.

 

 

References

1. Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offences (Articles 1–212-24) dated December 7, 1984 No. 80731-X. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR. 1984. Supplement to No. 51. Art. 1122 URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/8073-10#Text (accessed:  02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

2. On Approval of the Instruction on Drawing Up Materials on Administrative Offences in the Police Bodies: Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine dated November 6, 2015 No. 1376. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/z1496-15?utm_source )  (accessed: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

3. Kolpakov V. K. Blanket and Referral Elements of an Administrative Offence. Juridical Scientific Electronic Journal. 2016. No. 2. P. 197–199 URL: https://www.lsej.org.ua/2_2016/61.pdf (accessed: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

4. Desnianskyi District Court of Kyiv: Resolution dated December 20, 2024 in case No. 754/14860/24. Unified State Register of Court Decisions. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/123959861)  (accessed: 02.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

5. Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offences (Articles 213–330) dated December 7, 1984 No. 80731-X. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR. 1984. Supplement to No. 51. Art. 1122 URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/8073-10#Text (дата звернення: 02.03.2026)  (accessed: 02.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

6. First Administrative Court of Appeal: Resolution dated December 18, 2024 in case No. 243/7630/24. Unified State Register of Court Decisions. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/123866903)  (accessed: 02.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

7. The Court Refused to Annul the Fine Imposed by the Territorial Centre of Recruitment and Social Support. Press Service of the Sloviansk City District Court of Donetsk Region. Judiciary of Ukraine: official website. URL: https://sl.dn.court.gov.ua/sud0544/pres-centr/news/1734674 (accessed: 02.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

8. Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine dated July 6, 2005 No. 2747-IV. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2005. No. 35–36, No. 37. Art. 446 URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2747-15#Text (accessed:  02.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

9. Seryavin and Others v. Ukraine: Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights, February 10, 2010, application No. 4909/04. HUDOC (European Court of Human Rights). URL: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng" \l "{%22itemid%22:[%22001-103279%22]} (accessed:  02.03.2026).  

 

 

 

 

Suggested Citation: Reznik, O. (2025). Administrative liability for violations of military registration rules: issues of qualification and evidence. Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, 4 (53), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-10

 

 

Date of first submission of the article to the publication: 13.01.2026

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 17.03.2026

Date of publication (publication): 09.04.2026

 

 

 

 

 

Violation of the rules for the protection or use of subsoil, illegal extraction of minerals (Article 240 of the Criminal Code): separate issues of qualification

Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine. №4(53) 2025. P. 157-169

ISSN: 2707-6849      

UDC343:415

DOI https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-14

PDF

 

Roman MOVCHAN,

ProfessorofthedepartmentofConstitutional,

international and criminal law

Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University,

Doctor of law, Professor

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2074-8895

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

Olena DUSHEVSKA,

Graduate studentof the department of Constitutional,

international and criminal law

Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1262-5993

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 

 

Violation of the rules for the protection or use of subsoil, illegal extraction of minerals (Article 240 of the Criminal Code): separate issues of qualification

 

Abstract 

The article critically analyzes the practice of applying Article 240 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as a result of which the qualification problems existing in the relevant field were identified, and scientifically substantiated recommendations were developed for judicial and law enforcement agencies aimed at overcoming them.

In particular, it was proven that in the case when the value of illegally extracted local mineral resources is less than 30 tax-free minimum incomes of citizens, the act must be recognized as an administrative offense (Article 47 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses). However, if this act created a danger to life, health of people or the environment, then it should be considered as a criminally unlawful violation of the established rules for the use of subsoil (Part 2 of Article 240 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine).

It is established that the subject of the analyzed crime is local and national mineral resources in their natural state. It is argued that the appropriation of such minerals by means of their illegal extraction should be qualified under the relevant part of Art. 240 without additional incrimination of articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on liability for criminal offenses against property. At the same time, it is noted that the conversion to one's own benefit or the benefit of other persons of natural resources extracted from the subsoil thanks to the invested labor of a person should be considered as a criminal offense not against the environment, but against property.

The provision is substantiated that violations of the established rules for the protection and use of subsoil are independent elements of a crime, provided for in different parts of the same article of the Criminal Code, and therefore, in the event of the presence of both these types of violations in the behavior of the guilty person, the act committed by him should be qualified under the totality of crimes provided for in Part 1 of Art. 240 and Part 2 of this article of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

 

Keywords: criminal liability; qualification; criminal offense; totality; environment; illegal mining; minerals; subsoil; criminal offenses against property; theft.

 

References

1. The environmental situation in Ukraine in 2025: how the war affected the environment. URL: https://unn.ua/news/ekolohichna-sytuatsiia-v-ukraini-u-2025-rotsi-yak-viina-vplynula-na-dovkillia (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

2. Dudorov O. O., Movchan R. O. Legislative novelties on the differentiation of criminal liability for violation of the rules for the protection or use of subsoil and illegal extraction of minerals. Legal Novelties. 2022. No. 16. P. 43–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32847/ln.2022.16.06.  (in Ukr.).

3. Dudorov O. O., Movchan R. O. Minerals as the subject of a crime provided for in Article 240 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine: analysis of legislative novelties. Scientific Bulletin of the International Humanitarian University. Jurisprudence Series. 2022. No. 55. Р. 58–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32841/2307-1745.2022.55.13 (in Ukr.).

4. Resolution of the panel of judges of the First Judicial Chamber of the Criminal Court of Cassation of the Supreme Court of March 16, 2021 in case No. 742/1669/17. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/95682115?fbclid=IwAR3hLevgY8ahNaH5lyqupcOlYpoWn-TdXujvIPJQdR4FsuakP5Xt9sfZpPY# (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

5. Maksimentsev M. G. Combating crime in the field of subsoil use: monograph. Kharkiv: Panov, 2019. 488 p. ISBN 978-617-7771-11-0. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374060997_Protidia_zlocinnosti_u_sferi_nadrokoristuvanna_Combating_subsoil_use_crimes_extractive_industries_crimes (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

6. Verdict of the Storozhynetskyi District Court of Chernivtsi Region dated January 11, 2022 in case No. 723/5055/21 (in Ukr.).

7. Resolution of the panel of judges of the Third Judicial Chamber of the Criminal Court of Cassation of the Supreme Court of January 18, 2023 in case No. 723/5055/21 (in Ukr.).

8. Verdict of the Voznesenskyi City District Court of Mykolaiv Region dated December 2, 2011 in case No. 1407/1-306/11. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/68529797 (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

9. Verdict of the Sarny District Court of Rivne Region dated May 20, 2016 in case No. 572/1493/15-k. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/61501130 (accessed: 03.03.2026)  (in Ukr.).

10. Ruling of the Court of Appeal of Rivne Region dated October 12, 2016 in case No. 572/1493/15-k. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/61986939 (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

11. Resolution of the panel of judges of the First Judicial Chamber of the Criminal Court of Cassation of the Supreme Court of September 26, 2018 in case No. 572/1493/15-k. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/76930410 (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

12. Verdict of the Sosnytskyi District Court of Chernihiv Region dated February 26, 2019 in case No. 735/159/19. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/80144556 (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

13. Resolution of the panel of judges of the First Judicial Chamber of the Criminal Court of Cassation of the Supreme Court of March 16, 2021 in case No. 742/1669/17. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/95682115?fbclid=IwAR3hLevgY8ahNaH5lyqupcOlYpoWn-TdXujvIPJQdR4FsuakP5Xt9sfZpPY# (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

14. Verdict of the Zhovkva District Court of Lviv Region dated April 15, 2022 in case No. 444/667/22. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/103996593 (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

15. Verdict of the Zhovkva District Court of Lviv Region dated September 10, 2021 in case No. 444/2305/21. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/99535159 (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

16. Verdict of the Malovyskivskyi District Court of Kirovohrad Region dated December 20, 2021 in case No. 392/1117/21. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/102014807 (accessed: 03.03.2026) (in Ukr.).

 

 

SuggestedCitation: Movchan, R., Dushevska, O. (2026). Violation of the rules for the protection or use of subsoil, illegal extraction of minerals (Article 240 of the Criminal Code): separate issues of qualification. Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, 4 (53), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-4(53)-13

 

 

Date of first submission of the article to the publication: 24.12.2025

Date of acceptance of the article for publication after review: 17.03.2026

Date of publication (publication): 09.04.2026