УДК 343.22 (477)

DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-1(46)-13

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Zoe ZAHYNEI-ZABOLOTENKO,

Head of the Department of Analytical and Legal Work of the Criminal Court of Cassation, Department of Analytical Assistance to Courts of Cassation and the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court, Department of Analytical and Legal Work of the Supreme Court, Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RULES OF THE INSTITUTE OF APPLICATION OF CRIMINAL LAW MEASURES TO LEGAL ENTITIES IN COURT PRACTICE: RESULTS OF A 10-YEAR MARATHON.

The article analyzes both criminal and criminal procedural legislation and court practice with regard to the application of criminal law measures against legal entities. The author establishes that at the regulatory level, the objective reason for the low efficiency of the rules on the application of such measures is, first of all, the dependence established by the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine between the procedural fate of proceedings against a legal entity and criminal proceedings against an authorized person who committed a relevant criminal offense on behalf of and/or in the interests of a legal entity. The author analyzed 6 verdicts which resolved the issue of application of criminal legal measures against legal entities. As can be seen from the above analysis, during the 10 years of the legal institution on the application of criminal legal measures against legal entities, the court practice is characterized by a progressive movement from primitive decisions on the application of criminal legal measures against legal entities in the wrong procedural order provided for by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine to verdicts that applied such measures procedurally correctly. In our opinion, the reason for such a small number of cases of application of criminal legal measures against legal entities in Ukraine is the fact that the procedural fate of proceedings against a legal entity is completely dependent on the criminal proceedings against its authorized person, and the lack of a single structural part of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine that would regulate the procedural procedure for application of criminal legal measures against legal entities. This situation should be remedied at the regulatory level by introducing appropriate amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. At the same time, there is a need to develop training activities for stakeholders – investigators, prosecutors, judges, lawyers - aimed at learning the procedure for applying criminal legal measures to legal entities.

Key words: criminal law measures against legal entities, proceedings against a legal entity, criminal proceedings against an individual, authorized person of a legal entity, actions on behalf of and/or in the interests of a legal entity, representative of a legal entity in respect of which proceedings are being conducted, criminal offense, training of investigators, prosecutors, attorneys, judges.

References

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Lehka O. V. Realizatsiia norm prava: teoretyko-pravovi aspekty. Pravo i suspilstvo.2012. № 1. S. 30–33. [ukr.].

Kosovych V. Vnesennia zmin do normatyvno-pravovykh aktiv Ukrainy yak sposibyikh vdoskonalennia. Visnyk Lviv. un-tu. 2014. Vyp. 60. S. 35–46. [ukr.].

Zahynei Z. A. Osnovni nedoliky normotvorchoi tekhniky instytutu zastosuvannia zakhodiv kryminalno-pravovoho kharakteru shchodo yurydychnykh osib. Naukovyi chasopysNatsionalnoi akademii prokuratury Ukrainy. 2017. № 4. S. 58–78. URL: http://www.chasopysnapu.gp.gov.ua/ua/pdf/4-2017/zaginej.pdf(data zvernеnnia: 21.06.2024) [ukr.].

Zahynei Z. A. Kvazikryminalna vidpovidalnist yurydychnykh osib za kryminalnym ta kryminalnym protsesualnym zakonodavstvom Ukrainy. Visnyk Natsionalnoi akademii prokuratury Ukrainy. 2017. № 3. S. 49–56. [ukr.].

Panchenko O. V. Kryminalne provadzhennia shchodo yurydychnoi osoby: dys. …kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.08; Nats. yuryd. un-t imeni Yaroslava Mudroho. Kharkiv, 2018. 201 s. [ukr.].

Mykhailov O. O. Yurydychna osoba yak subiekt zlochynu: inozemnyi dosvid ta perspektyvy yoho vykorystannia v Ukraini: dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.08; Akademiia advokatury Ukrainy. Kyiv, 2008. 190 s. [ukr.].

Pasieka O. F. Kryminalna vidpovidalnist yurydychnykh osib: porivnialno-pravove doslidzhennia: dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.08; Lviv. derzh. un-t vnutr. sprav. Lviv, 2010. 235 s. [ukr.].

Sotnichenko V. S. Kryminalna vidpovidalnist yurydychnykh osib: porivnialno-pravove doslidzhennia: dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.08; Nats. akadem. prokuratury Ukrainy. Kyiv, 2013. 219 s. [ukr.].

Provotorov O. P. Zakhody kryminalno-pravovoho kharakteru shchodo yurydychnykh

osib yak instytut kryminalnoho prava Ukrainy: dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.08; In-tderzhavy i prava im. V. M. Koretskoho NAN Ukrainy. Kyiv, 2019. 2019 s. [ukr.].

Zastosuvannia zakhodiv kryminalno-pravovoho kharakteru shchodo yurydychnykh osib: metodychni rekomendatsii / O. Z. Hladun, I. V. Yeromenko, Z. A. Zahynei, S. S. Kozachyna, V. V. Kozii; skhvaleno rishenniam naukovo-metodychnoi rady Heneralnoi prokuratury Ukrainy (protokol № 2 vid 24.04.2018). Kyiv, 2018. 56 s. [ukr.]

УДК 343:415

ORCID: 0000-0003-2074-8895

DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-1(46)-11

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Roman MOVCHAN,

Professor of the Department of Constitutional and International Studiesand criminal law of Donetsk NationalVasyl Stus University,

doctor of legal sciences, professor

Olena DUSHEVSKA,

graduate student of the Department of Constitutional Studies,international and criminal lawDonetsk National Universitynamed after Vasyl Stus

CHANGE OF SITUATION AS A BASIS FOR EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ILLEGAL FELLING, TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, SALE OF FOREST (ARTICLE 246 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE): PROBLEMS OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE.

The article carried out a critical analysis of the judicial practice of exemption from criminal liability in connection with the change in the situation of persons who have committed a criminal offense provided for in Art. 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as a result of which existing problems in this area were identified and scientifically based ways of overcoming them were proposed.

In particular, it was proven that the most common mistake made by domestic courts when acquitting persons who have committed a crime, provided for in Art. 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, there is the fact that the application of Art. 48 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is permanently justified by compensation for the damages and circumstances that should actually be considered only in the context of the individualization of criminal responsibility (such as the absence of a criminal record, sincere remorse). It is concluded that such a practice clearly does not stimulate law-abiding behavior, since in the worst case, the one who committed illegal logging «is threatened» with only full compensation for the damage caused, without serving any punishment for what he did. It is also stated that the appropriate approach is based on ignoring the obvious fact that the change of situation as a relatively objective type of exemption from criminal responsibility does not depend on the willpower and post-criminal behavior of the subject of the criminal offense.

Arguments are given in favor of supporting the position of those courts that, demonstrating a principled position, instead of the usual formal approach, carefully study the existence of grounds for satisfying the relevant requests and, in particular, note that all the above-mentioned circumstances are not sufficient by themselves and cannot convincingly testify about a change in the situation and a person’s loss of social danger to such an extent that it makes it impossible for him to commit another criminal offense.

Key words: criminal responsibility; exemption from criminal liability; punishment; change of situation; illegal felling, transportation, storage, sale of forest; contrition; post-criminal behavior; losses; compensation for damages; public danger.

References

Baulin Y. V. Exoneration from criminal liability. Bulletin of the Criminal LawAssociation of Ukraine. 2013. No. 1. P. 185–207 [ukr.].

Baulin Y. V. Exoneration from criminal liability. Kyiv: Atika, 2004. 296 p. [ukr.].

Decision of the Konotop city-district court of the Sumy region dated May 14, 2018in case No. 577/1401/18. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/73943884 [ukr.]

Decision of the Volodymyretsk District Court of the Rivne Region dated August 30,2022 in case No. 556/1111/22. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/106018538

[ukr.]

Decision of the Zolotonsky City and District Court of the Cherkasy Regiondated August 13, 2021 in case No. 695/1626/20. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/9897660[ukr.]

Decision of the Yaremchan city court of Ivano-Frankivsk region datedJanuary 13, 2015 in case No. 354/698/14-k. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/42270086 [ukr.]

Resolution of the Supreme Court of Appeals of Ukraine dated March 26, 2019 in case

No. 569/20/14-k. URL: http://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/81438477[ukr.]

Scientific and practical commentary on the Criminal Code of Ukraine / edited byM. I. Melnyk, M. I. Havronyuk. 10th ed., revised. and added Kyiv: VD «Dakor», 2018.1360 p. [ukr.]

Decision of the Bershad District Court of the Vinnytsia Region dated January 24,2022 in case No. 126/1121/21. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/102765760[ukr.]

Decision of the Zolotonsky City and District Court of the Cherkasy Regiondated November 11, 2021 in case No. 695/1279/21. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/101042587[ukr.]

Decision of the Verkhovna District Court of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast’s decisiondated April 7, 2015 in case No. 340/195/15-k. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/43463818 [ukr.]

Decision of the Rakhiv District Court of Zakarpattia Oblast dated October 23,2014 in case No. 305/2052/14-k. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/41038891[ukr.]

Decision of the Rakhiv District Court of Zakarpattia Oblast dated March 17, 2013in case No. 305/395/14-k. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/37678178[ukr.]

Decision of the Rakhiv District Court of Zakarpattia Oblast dated June 27, 2013 incase No. 305/1308/13-k. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/32141399[ukr.]

Decision of the Rokytniv District Court of the Rivne Region dated February 6, 2023in case No. 571/1/23. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/108794992[ukr.]

Decision of the Krasnopil District Court of the Sumy Region dated April 21, 2023in case No. 578/110/22. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/110461073[ukr.]

Criminal law: education. manual / O. O. Dudorov, M. I. Havronyuk; in general ed.M. I. Havronyuk. Kyiv: Vaite, 2014. 944 p. [ukr.].

Zaginei Z. Analysis of judicial practice regarding exemption from criminal liabilityfor declaring false information (Article 366-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). Historicaland legal journal. 2018. No. 2. P. 115–120. [ukr.].

Decision of the Volovotsky District Court of Zakarpattia Oblast dated August 12,2021 in case No. 302/709/21. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/98935766[ukr.]

Decision of Pyatikhat District Court of Dnipropetrovsk Region dated August 18,2017 in case No. 190/605/17. URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/68339221[ukr.]

УДК 343:133.3

ORCID: 0009-0001-6135-4131

DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-1(46)-12

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Serhiy BEREZHNYI,

Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and ProcedureKhmelnytskyi University of Managementand Leonid Yuzkov name rights,retired judge of the Court of Appeal,candidate of legal sciences, associate professor

SIGNS OF THE SUBJECTIVE SIDE OF MURDER AS A TYPICAL LEGAL CONSTRUCTION.

The basic law of our state enshrines the conceptual provision, according to which human rights and freedoms and their guarantees determine the content and direction state activities. And therefore the protection of a person from criminal offenses, the protection of his rights, freedoms and legitimate interests is one of the most important tasks of state policy. One of the most important issues in the application of the criminal law is the definition of which one the criminal offense was committed by a person and under what criminal law the offense is foreseen. This issue is resolved in the process of criminal qualification Offenses Demarcation of the components of individual criminal offenses is important significance in the process of carrying out criminal-legal qualification. Meaning of legal practices, precedents and doctrines of criminal law for proper qualification criminal offenses are difficult to overestimate.

The subjective side of criminal offenses (crimes, criminal misdemeanors) is an important part application of the law on criminal liability.

The demands of today require a clear understanding of the theory of the subjective side of the criminal offense and practice. The modern stage of the development of the domestic science of criminal law and process determines the need for further research of scientific views on the theory of qualification criminal offenses and their successful application by law enforcement agencies, which will unconditionally contribute to the correctness and unity of judicial practice in solving tasks criminal proceedings. At the same time, ensuring the unity of practice is implementation the principle of legal certainty, which is embodied in compliance with general principles criminal proceedings established in Art. 7 of the Code of Civil Procedure, by means of the same application specific rule of law in similar legal relations. Correct qualification of a criminal offense for a committed socially dangerous act is mandatory a condition for the administration of justice in accordance with the law and one of the guarantees of compliance the convention requirement of the human right to a fair trial, provided for in Article 6 of the Convention on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms of 1950.

Key words: murder, subjective side of criminal offenses (crimes, criminal misdemeanors), theory of qualification of criminal offenses, qualification criminal offenses on subjective grounds, court practice.

References

Criminal law of Ukraine: General. part. Textbook for students. law universities andfaculties / G. V. Andrusiv, P. P. Andrushko, V. V. Benkivskyi and others; Under theeditorship PS Matyshevsky and others. Kyiv: Yurinkom Inter, 1999. 512 p. [ukr.].

Veresha R. V. Problems of guilt in the theory of criminal law: Study guide. Kyiv:  Atika, 2005. 464 p. [ukr.].

Scientific – practical commentary on the Criminal Code of Ukraine / [Aleksandrov  Y.  V.,Andrushko P. P., Antipov V. I. etc.]; under the editorship S. S. Yatsenko 4th ed., revised.and add. Kyiv: A.S.K., 2005. 848 p. (Economy. Finance. Law). [ukr.].

Resolutions of the plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine and the High SpecializedCourts of Ukraine in criminal and administrative proceeding.. Kyiv: Palivoda A. V.,2016.  860 p. [ukr.].

Vapsva Yu. A. Peculiarities of the qualification of crimes in the presence of a mistake.Bulletin of the National University of Internal Affairs. Kharkiv: vid-vo Untu, 2000.Issue  10. Pp. 50–55 [ukr.].

Resolution of the Supreme Court of Appeals of Ukraine dated January 12, 2022 incase № 640/20173/18 (proceedings № 51-2203км21). URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/102562762[ukr.].

Resolution of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Supreme Court dated February 28,2024 in case № 401/268/21 (proceedings № 51-6716км23). URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/117402596[ukr.].

Korzhanskyi M. Y. Qualification of crimes: education. Manual. 2nd edition. Kyiv:Atika, 2002. 640 p. [ukr.].

Resolution of the Supreme Court of Appeals of Ukraine dated September 1, 2022 incase № 736/2398/18 (proceedings № 51-5276км21). URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/106079296[ukr.].

Resolution of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Supreme Court of November 19,2020 in case № 333/4463/16-k (proceedings № 51-423км20). URL: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/93053814[ukr.]

УДК: 347.61

ORCID: 0000-0001-6052-1017

DOI 10.37566/2707-6849-2024-1(46)-10

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Olena MALOZHON,

Associate Professor of the Department of Constitutional and International Studies law and public legal disciplines Kyiv University of Intellectual Property and rights of the National University "Odesa Law Academy",candidate of historical sciences, associate professor

A JUDGE AS A MEDIATOR IN FAMILY DISPUTES.

The basis for the emergence of family disputes is the contradiction between the ideas of family members about the needs and the ideas and expectations of one about the other. In their lives, married couples often face various factors that can negatively affect the stability of family relationships.

Unfortunately, unresolved family conflicts most often lead to divorce, and later the conflicts deepen, because the question arises about the division of the property of the spouses, the place of residence of the children, the way one of the parents participates in the child's life, etc. To do this, you need to learn not only not to quarrel, but also to find a common language, so that, being divorced, you can make joint decisions in matters of life and raising children, because children suffer the most from family conflicts.

The advantages of using mediation over the resolution of the dispute in court are a number of factors that will have positive results at the final stage: parties are equal participants, everyone's interests are taken into account, and they do not act as rivals; participants independently describe problems, communicate in person and through a mediator; mediation helps establish a dialogue between the parties, normalizes communication and determines further relationships; a less lengthy process, it takes time to resolve and agree on all issues (3-5 meetings on average); the parties do not depend on lawyers, they directly take an active part in the negotiations; participants consider all possible options for solving the problem and accept those that suit all interested parties; the costs of mediation are much lower than the consideration of the case in court proceedings (additional costs are possible only for a lawyer and a notary to record a civil law agreement or a settlement agreement in court).

Key words: mediation, judge, family, family relations, family conflicts.

References

Akulich O. Yurydychna kompaniia «Spadkoiemets». URL: https://naslednik.odessa.ua/services/reshenie-semejnyh-sporov/ [ukr.]

Mediatsiia u profesiinii diialnosti yurysta: Pidruchnyk / Za redaktsiieiu Natali Krestovskoi, Luizy Romanadze. Odesa: Ekolohiia, 2019. 462 s. [ukr.].

Tsyvilno-protsesualnyi kodeks Ukrainy vid 18.03.2004 r. № 1618-IV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2004. № 40–41, 42. St. 492 [ukr.].

Simeinyi kodeks Ukrainy 10.01.2002 2947-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy.2002. № 21–22. St. 135 [ukr.].

Nekliaiev Yu. Yuryst i zakon. № 24. 11.07.2019 r. URL: https://www.asterslaw.com/ua/press_center/publications/judge_as_a_mediator_in_family_disputes/ [ukr.]

Holovchenko A. Simeinyi advokat i mediator. URL: https://rtpp.com.ua/articles/rol-semejnoj-mediatsii-v-effektivnosti-razresheniya-semejnyh-sporov/ [ukr.]

Uzahalnennia sudovoi praktyky Kharkivskoho apeliatsiinoho sudu po vrehuliuvanniu sporu za uchastiu suddi: praktychna realizatsiia novely hlavy 4 rozdilu III TsPK Ukrainy za I pivrichchia 2018 roku. Na vykonannia lysta Verkhovnoho Sudu Kasatsiinoho tsyvilnoho sudu vid 19.07.2018 roku vykh. № 1914/0/208-18 [ukr.]

Mediatsiiu dotsilno zaprovadyty v deiakykh katehoriiakh simeinykh, trudovykh, spadkovykh i zemelnykh sporiv – suddi KTsS VS. URL: https://supreme.court.gov.ua/supreme/pres-centr/news/1157851/ [ukr.]

Lazebnyi L. Yurydychna hazeta. 29.09.2021 r. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/dumkaeksperta/mediaciya-vs-vregulyuvannya-sporu-za-uchastyu-suddi.html [ukr.]

Pro mediatsiiu: Zakon Ukrainy № 1875-IX. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady. 2022. №  7. St. 51 [ukr.]

Rudometkina M. Yurydychna hazeta. 31 bereznia 2020 r. URL: https://yur-gazeta.com/publications/practice/simeyne-pravo/osoblivosti-virishennya-simeynih-sporiv-konfliktchi-mediaciya.html [ukr.]